Publikačná činnosť

Normalizačná činnosť

Technická komisia: TK 14 Geotechnika

STN EN 13361: 2018 Geosyntetické zábrany. Vlastnosti požadované na použitie pri stavbe nádrží a hrádzí
STN EN 13362: 2018 Geosyntetické zábrany. Vlastnosti požadované na použitie pri stavbe kanálov
STN EN 13491: 2018 Geosyntetické zábrany. Vlastnosti požadované na použitie pri stavbe tunelov a podzemných stavieb
STN EN 13492: 2018 Geosyntetické zábrany. Vlastnosti požadované na použitie pri stavbe miest na zneškodňovanie kvapalných odpadov, medziskládok alebo druhotných nádrží
STN EN 13493: 2018 Geosyntetické zábrany. Vlastnosti požadované na použitie pri stavbe miest na skladovanie a zneškodňovanie tuhých odpadov
STN EN 1536+A1: 2018 Vykonávanie špeciálnych geotechnických prác. Vŕtané pilóty
STN EN 16907-3: 2019 Zemné práce. Časť 3: Stavebné postupy
STN EN 16907-5: 2019 Zemné práce. Časť 5: Kontrola kvality
STN EN 12716: 2019 Vykonávanie špeciálnych geotechnických prác. Prúdová injektáž
STN EN ISO 13426-1: 2020 Geotextílie a geotextíliám podobné výrobky. Pevnosť vnútorných štrukturálnych spojov. Časť 1: Geobunky (ISO 13426-1: 2019)
STN EN ISO 18674-4: 2021 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšanie. Geotechnický monitoring pomocou terénnych prístrojov. Časť 4: Meranie pórového tlaku: Piezometre (ISO 18674-4: 2020)
STN EN 12715: 2021 Vykonávanie špeciálnych geotechnických prác. Injektáže
STN EN 12447: 2022 Geotextílie a geotextíliám podobné výrobky. Skúšobná metóda na zisťovanie odolnosti proti hydrolýze vo vode
STN EN ISO 22475-1: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Metódy odberu a merania podzemnej vody. Časť 1: Technické zásady vykonávania odberu vzoriek zemín, skalných hornín a podzemnej vody
STN EN ISO 22477-1: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Skúšanie geotechnických konštrukcií. Časť 1: Statická zaťažovacia skúška pilóty osovým tlakovým zaťažením
STN EN ISO 18674-2: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Geotechnický monitoring pomocou terénnych prístrojov. Časť 2: Meranie posunov pozdĺž línie: extenzometre
STN CEN ISO/TS 24283-1: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Kvalifikačné kritériá a hodnotenie. Časť 1: Kvalifikovaný technik a kvalifikovaný operátor
STN CEN ISO/TS 24283-2: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Kvalifikačné kritériá a hodnotenie. Časť 2: Zodpovedný odborník
STN CEN ISO/TS 24283-3: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Kvalifikačné kritériá a hodnotenie. Časť 3: Kvalifikovaný podnik
STN EN ISO 17892-2: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Laboratórne skúšanie zemín. Časť 2: Stanovenie objemovej hmotnosti jemnozrnných zemín
STN EN ISO 17892-5: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Laboratórne skúšky zemín. Časť 5: Oedometrická skúška s postupným zaťažením
STN EN ISO 17892-7: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Laboratórne skúšanie zemín. Časť 7: Skúška na zistenie pevnosti v jednoosovom tlaku
STN EN ISO 17892-8: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Laboratórne skúšanie zemín. Časť 8: Nekonsolidovaná neodvodnená triaxiálna skúška
STN EN ISO 17892-9: 2022 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Laboratórne skúšanie zemín. Časť 9: Konsolidovaná triaxálna tlaková skúška vodou nasýtených zemín
STN EN 17542-1: 2022 Zemné práce. Geotechnické laboratórne skúšky. Časť 1: Norma na skúšky odolnosti proti rozpadavosti
STN EN 17542-2: 2022 Zemné práce. Geotechnické laboratórne skúšky. Časť 2: Norma na skúšku rozdrobovania
STN EN 17542-3: 2022 Zemné práce. Geotechnické laboratórne skúšky. Časť 3: Hodnota metylénovej modrej VBS zemín a hornín
STN EN ISO 22476-1 Geotechnický prieskum a skúšky. Terénne skúšky. Časť 1: Elektrické statické penetračné skúšky a elektrické statické penetračné skúšky s meraním pórového tlaku (ISO 22476-1: 2022)
STN EN 17738 Geotextílie a geotextíliám podobné výrobky. Poškodenie počas inštalácie. Terénna skúška


Technická komisia: TK 40 Anorganické spojivá a malty

STN EN 1015-11: 2020 Metódy skúšania mált na murovanie. Časť 11: Stanovenie pevnosti zatvrdnutej malty v ťahu pri ohybe a v tlaku
STN EN 197-2: 2020 Cement. Časť 2: Posudzovanie a overovanie stálosti úžitkových vlastností
TNI CEN/TR 14245: 2020 Cement. Pokyny na používanie EN 197-2: Posudzovanie a overovanie stálosti úžitkových vlastností
STN EN 1745: 2021 Murivo a výrobky na murovanie. Metóda stanovenia tepelnoizolačných vlastností
STN EN 197-5: 2021 Cement. Časť 5: Portlandský kompozitný cement CEM II/C-M a kompozitný cement CEM VI
STN EN 459-2: 2022 Stavebné vápno. Časť 2: Skúšobné metódy
STN EN 197-6 Cement. Časť 6: Cement s recyklovanými stavebnými materiálmi


Technická komisia: TK 4 Kovové, spriahnuté oceľobetónové, drevené a sklenené konštrukcie

STN EN 14081-1+A1: 2021 Drevené konštrukcie. Pevnostne triedené konštrukčné rezivo s pravouhlým prierezom. Časť 1: Všeobecné požiadavky


Technická komisia: TK 118 Dočasné stavebné konštrukcie

STN EN 1004-1: 2021 Pojazdné pracovné dielcové lešenia. Časť 1: Materiály, rozmery, návrhové zaťaženia a bezpečnostné požiadavky
STN EN 1004-2: 2022 Pojazdné pracovné dielcové lešenia. Časť 2: Pravidlá a pokyny na vypracovanie návodu na obsluhu
STN EN 74-1: 2022 Spojky, nadstavovacie spojky a pätky na použitie v pracovných a podperných lešeniach. Časť 1: Rúrkové spojky. Požiadavky a skúšobné metódy
STN EN 74-2: 2022 Spojky, nadstavovacie spojky a pätky na použitie v pracovných a podperných lešeniach. Časť 2: Špeciálne spojky. Požiadavky a skúšobné metódy


Technická komisia: TK 123 Výroba, skúšanie betónu a zhotovovanie betónových konštrukcií

STN EN 206+A2: 2021 Betón. Špecifikácia, vlastnosti, výroba a zhoda

Article

Interakcia mostnej konštrukcie SO 201 s podložím – návrh hĺbkového zakladania mostov

Kožlej, Ľ., Tóth, V., Kundrát, K.

Časopis Silnice železnice 2/2016. ISBN 1801-8220
Abstract
Príspevok sa zaoberá postupom návrhu pilótového základu mostného objektu SO 201 na stavbe D55 (R55) 5508 Staré Město – Moravský Písek v Českej republike. Výpočet sa vykonal pomocou programov GEO5 v5.19 a midas Civil, pričom sa zohľadnilo spolupôsobenie mostnej konštrukcie s podložím. Iteračný postup riešenia už v dvoch krokoch potvrdil v praxi veľmi dobre akceptovateľnú zhodu získaných výsledkov.

Article

Výpočet pilótového základu – interakcia mostnej konštrukcie s podložím

Kožlej, Ľ., Tóth, V., Kundrát, K.

Časopis Inžinierske stavby / Inženýrske stavby 3/2016. ISSN 1335-0846
Abstract
The paper deals with the procedure design of pile foundation of a bridge SO 205 for road construction D55 (R55) 5508 Staré Město - Moravský Písek in the Czech Republic. The calculation is performed using the programs GEO5 v 5.19 and midas Civil, whereby was allowanced synergies bridge construction with subsoil. Iterative solution procedure already confirmed in two steps very well in practice acceptable compliance of the results obtained.

Conference paper

The seismics loading and his impact on the geotechnical structure

Chabroňová, J., Ortuta, J., Paločko, P.

International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM, 2017, 17(12), pp. 937-944
Abstract
International Seismological Centre (ISC, Newbury, UK) annually locates about 30,000 earthquakes that may occur with macro-seismic effects (effects on people, objects, nature, and buildings). Catalog of the earthquakes, observed since 1034, contains information about more than 650 earthquakes that have macro-seismic effects in Slovak´s territory. The strongest earthquake was recorded on 28.06.1763 with the epicenter near Komárno and only in the town itself completely destroyed the seven churches and 279 houses. 63 people were killed and 102 were injured. The surface of the area, where macro-seismic upheavals were recorded, was 87,000 km2, larger than the Slovakia territory of the present day, intervened in the south to Belgrade, southeast to Temešvár and the northwest after Leipzig. Epicentral´s intensity of the earthquake was 8-90 and in this area were appeared cracks in the ground. In the past decade, seismic activity over Slovakia was low. Most probably it is a preparation period for stronger earthquakes in the future. But, we haven´t sufficient knowledge’s to estimate, when and where they occur. Probably the most important practical consequence of the determination of seismic hazard, for some localities, is that the construction engineers have available values of the seismic hazard´s characteristics, which provide input for calculating the expected seismic loads on building structures. The tectonic evolution of Slovakia did not stop, therefore is, more than likely, that the similarly strong earthquake definitely come in the future. The article is devoted to possibilities, how as closely as possible including seismic loads in the calculation and assessment of geotechnical structures.

Conference paper

Skúsenosti s projektovaním cestnej infraštruktúry na Slovensku

Dubravský, M., Brigant, I., Bakoš, M.

Cestná konferencia, 2017
Abstract
Projektovanie cestnej infraštruktúry na Slovensku je v dnešnej dobe omnoho náročnejšie ako kedykoľvek predtým. Nielen z dôvodu detailného riešenia jednotlivých objektov a vybavenia cestnej komunikácie, ale aj z koncepčného riešenia stavby ako celku, s nadväznosťou na okrajové podmienky. Plány investora sú ovplyvnené možnosťami financovania daného projektu, čo v niektorých prípadoch vedie k zmene medzi jednotlivými stupňami dokumentácie. Nedodržiavanie dlhodobého plánu komplikuje projektovú prípravu, čo má za následok zmenu koncepčných riešení v jednotlivých stupňoch dokumentácie. Nedostatočná predprojektová príprava, obchádzanie plánovaných stupňov projektovej dokumentácie má v konečnom dôsledku za následok viacero negatívnych vplyvov na konečný projekt a realizácia stavby sa posúva. Dlhodobá koncepcia rozvoja cestnej siete by mala byť nastavená na dlhšie obdobie a nemala by byť ovplyvnená politickými záujmami jednotlivých vlád. Súčinnosť jednotlivých štátnych organizácií je v niektorých prípadoch nedostatočná. Kraje neriešia kritické problémy obcí, obce zakladajú občianske združenia, organizujú petície, aby sa daný problém vyrieši v ich prospech. Článok bližšie rozoberie problematiku projektovania diaľnic a rekonštrukcie ciest, a to nielen z hľadiska technického, ale hlavne z hľadiska objasnenia pozadia projekčných prác, ktoré vo veľkej miere rozhodujú o výslednej podobe riešeného projektu. Článok priblíži chronologický sled problémov a následne riešení, s ktorými sa projektant dennodenne stretáva. Výsledkom by malo byť poukázanie na vytvorenie strategického plánovania dopravnej infraštruktúry štátu na dlhšie obdobie, ktoré by zabránilo spomínaným problémom.

Conference paper

Assessment of geotechnical constructions from the perspective of sustainable use of natural resources

Tóth, V.

11th International Conference Geosyntetika 2017, Žilina, p. 72-81
Abstract
In terms of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU). 305/2011 §43d every building must satisfy the essential requirements. These requirements in addition to mechanical resistance and
stability of buildings and safety in case of fire are not least the requirement for the sustainable use of natural resources. And just today, when the climate impacts of human activity increasingly
been included in high-level European and global community, we also have, the creators of designs building structures begin to fulfil these requirements. This article will therefore pay comparisons between geotechnical structures because of their impact on the environment.

Conference paper

Application of geosynthetics during construciton of the motorway D3 Čadca Bukov – Svrčinovec in complicated terrain

Ortuta, J., Paločko, P.

11th International Conference Geosyntetika 2017, Žilina, p. 104-108
Abstract
Geosynthetics products are more widely used in the modern civil engineering. Support structures reinforced by geosynthetics are used as economically more suitable alternative to massive cast in place structures. Drainage geokompozite are used to reduce thickness of consolidation layers. One of the most important task of geotechnical engineer is to decide which type of geosynthetics
is the most suitable for designed structure. Different properties should have geogrids reinforcing support structures and different properties should have geomats increasing stability of sloped
surface. Individual types of geosynthetics products are produced by different technologies and maximum usability can be reached by modification of materials. Aim of the paper is to describe application of geosynthetics on the individual structures on the motorway D3 Čadca Bukov – Svrčinovec and positive influence of the geosynthetics structures to global stability on the places with very difficult geotechnical conditions and broken terrain.

Conference paper

The influence of material models for the effective design of the primary lining

Bakoš, M., Ortuta, J., Paločko, P.

North American Tunneling Conference, NAT 2018, 2018, 1, pp. 349-353
Abstract
The finite element method made a significant impact of the static assessment of tunnel primary lining. The Mohr-Coulomb model is widely used. However, this model is not economically optimal. Designers can use other material models which are more suitable for rock environments resulting in a more economical design. Tunnel Soroška is designed as a 4.2 km long road tunnel in karst rock. One tunnel tube for both directions will be built in the first phase. The construction had an interesting result during the calculation of the primary lining. The article presents a summary of geotechnical inputs for the efficient selection of the material models and a method of optimizing the calculation that takes the economic and environmental aspects of the design work into account.

Conference paper

The design of soil reinforced structures with thin concrete facing panels under railways

Tóth, V., Ortuta, J., Adamec, J.

11th International Conference on Geosynthetics 2018, ICG 2018, 2018, 3, pp. 2283-2290
Abstract
The systems of polymeric reinforced soil walls with thin concrete facing panels have been well known for a few decades as a very good alternative to conventional gravity concrete walls. These systems were developed due to big demand from construction point of view, searching for ways how to reduce the cost of existing gravity retaining walls made of concrete and also to speed up the time construction. From designer's point of view, there was a need to tackle geotechnical problems as the big size of the structure, differential settlements, earthquake loading, etc. The article talks about the invention and first tests of these structures, about design methods, system components, and also about references.

Journal article

Determination of global stability for a group of geotechnical objects in complicated geological conditions

Ortuta, J., Tóth, V., Paločko, P.

Proceedings of the XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Abstract
Slope deformations in Slovakia are one of the most widespread and to some extent one of the most dangerous country geohazards, and represent a significant geobarriers to urbanization planning. A problem of slope deformations is currently very actual. In 2008, were registered 21 190 slope deformations in Slovakia (approximately 5,25% of total land area). In May last year, the great landslides caused by storm rainfalls and floods were activated, especially in eastern Slovakia. There were registered a total of 551 newly slope deformations. The article discusses a method of determining global stability, which represents two different views on the calculation, when global stability is provided by a system of geotechnical structures, and when the calculation of global stability is determined for each object separately.

Conference paper

Limestone cavern influence to primary lining analysis for tunnel Soroška

Paločko, P.; Bakoš, M.; Ortuta, J.

Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art- Proceedings of the WTC 2019 ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, 2019, pages 6014 – 6019
Abstract
Motorway R2 will be a part of the Slovakia southern corridor connecting west part of country to east. The tunnel Soroška 4.2 km long will be a part of this motorway. It is placed in Slovak karst-listed as UNESCO protected area. Slovak karst is known for a lot of caverns and caves. Cavern in the rock environment can be filled by gas or water. This causes next change in stress state. The next parameter coming to an equation is a permeability of cavern boundary and difference between pore pressure in rock environment and pressure in cavern. The authors present an idea of pseudo-discrete continuum model of the caverns or collapsed caves. This model conducted study the behavior of caves in the primary failure mode that is associated with initial breakage of the rubble skeleton. The model is a combination of the discrete particle assembly generation and the finite element analysis of this assembly.

Publication

Geosyntetika

Baslík, R., Kišš, Š., Prelovský, B., Tóth, V.

Publikácia IGS Slovensko. Prvé vydanie. November 2019
Abstract
Tento dokument je interným dokumentom Slovenskej pobočky Medzinárodnej geosyntetickej spoločnosti (IGS Slovensko) poskytnutý na všeobecné použitie. Toto je prvé vydanie dokumentu „Geosyntetika“ s odporúčanými termínmi, definíciami, funkciami, značkami, symbolmi a skratkami geosyntetiky, geotextíliám podobných výrobkov a iných výrobkov a opisom aplikácií týchto výrobkov a stavebných konštrukcií, kde sa používajú.

Conference paper

Geohazard in consequence of ignoring primary stress state and failure to observe the construction process of stabilizing constructions designed by geotechnical engineer

Ortuta, J., Tóth,V., Paločko, P.

International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics, Chicago, 24.-27.5.2020
Abstract
With slope movements man does not encounter every day, but it should be noted that this happens, and it happens more often. These movements are influenced only by two factors, namely nature and humans themselves. Slope deformations are one of the most widespread and to some extent one of the most dangerous country geohazards, and represent a significant geobarriers to urbanization planning. A problem of slope deformations is currently very actually. With gradually expanding populations are extensive and demanding technical works built in increasingly complex and less favorable geological conditions. In complex geological conditions it is mainly about understanding the overall geological environment with the development and effective design of geotechnical structures designed to ensure long-term stability. The term effective design is meant a set of geotechnical construction, which complement each other, so that their final
effect has the desired influence. In this paper, we have attempted to describe ways of determining global stability, which is directly conditional on the building progress of stabilizing construction. This procedure creates and directs geotechnical engineer. Any change in construction has an impact on the global calculation, which should be adapted and subsequently verified. This calculation also influences new geological and geomechanical conditions that are specified by the construction process. Contractor but these essential steps, due to time and cost skips and thus embarks on the risky work, often with fatal consequences.

Conference paper

Determining global stability for a group of geotechnical objects in complex geological conditions

Ortuta, J., Tóth, V., Brigant, I.

SCG-XIII International Symposium on Landslides, Cartagena, Colombia, 15.-19.6. 2020
Amstract
An old Arab proverb says that if a mountain is to fall, it will fall even if it is caused only by a grain of sand. In this sentence, the whole, humanly observed process of the influence of nature and time on global stability is described. Its determination is therefore not only a simple calculation, where all forces can be put in proportion. In complex geological conditions it is mainly about understanding the overall geological environment with the time development and effective design of geotechnical structures to ensure long-term stability. Effective design means a set of structures that complement each other so that their ultimate impact has the desired effect. Therefore, the calculation is also conditioned by a precisely given construction process and time dependence. This is the primary input that should be identified by the geotechnical engineer at the start of the design work. This procedure is constant and all further work must be based on it. On this basis, it can then be easily engaging individual contractors in the process of building and effectively manage the overall construction. The paper deals with the construction of highway in difficult geological conditions of Carpathian flysch and numerical determination of global stability for primary state. Areas represent active landslides, through design of geotechnical structures for its stabilization in dependence on time and progress of construction in urban area to real construction of highway itself.

Article

Rekonštrukcia tunela Stratená, kedysi najdlhšieho cestného tunelu na Slovensku

Paločko, P., Tóth, V., Ortuta, J.

Inžinierske stavby 05/2020
Abstract
Tunel Stratená bol realizovaný v období rokov 1969 až 1971. Uvedený do prevádzky bol v januári roku 1972. Odvtedy prešiel niekoľkými väčšími či menšími rekonštrukciami. Po hlavnej prehliadke tunela, ktorá sa uskutočnila v roku 2013, bol stavebný stav tunela vyhodnotený ako zlý (IV). Na základe tejto skutočnosti Slovenská správa ciest vypísala súťaž na vypracovanie projektovej dokumentácie jeho rekonštrukcie, ktorej víťazom sa stala spoločnosť Amberg Engineering Slovakia, s.r.o. Jej úlohou bolo navrhnúť rekonštrukciu tunela so zameraním sa na odstránenie prítokov vody do tunela.
Počas projekčných prác boli navrhnuté dve varianty rekonštrukcie. V prvom variante bolo riešené odvodnenie tunela pomocou odvodňovacích vrtov sanáciu portálov a vrtov z odvodňovacích štôlní, odvodňovacích zariadení a dna prieskumnej štôlne. Druhý variant riešil sanáciu tunela komplexne, vrátane rekonštrukcie sekundárneho ostenia tunela. Vzhľadom na rozpočtové obmedzenia bol Objednávateľom vybratý na realizáciu variant č. 1.
Tento článok popisuje skutočný stav tunela, vrátane existujúcej odvodňovacej štôlne a súčasný priebeh rekonštrukčných prác.

Article

Drenážny odvodňovací systém v tuneli a možnosti nedeštruktívnej sanácie.

Frťalová, M., Ortuta, J., Paločko, P.

Inžinierske stavby 05/2021
Abstract
Cestné komunikácie predstavujú dôležitú súčasť našej infraštruktúry. Vykonané kontroly a následné analýzy ukazujú, že v súčasnosti je veľké percento cestných komunikácií poškodených a vyžadujú si sanačné práce. Vzhľadom na vysoký nárast mobility a tým pádom používanie cestných sieti je to spojené s potencionálnym rizikom a možnosťou systematickým únavovým poškodzovaním. Poruchy odvodňovacieho systému bývajú jedným z hlavných dôvodov, ktorý môže viesť k poškodeniu komunikácií a k zníženiu dopravnej bezpečnosti. Preto preventívne opatrenia môžu dlhodobo zlepšiť kvalitu a životnosť týchto konštrukcií. Daná problematika je však nedostatočne riešená. V stavebnom odvetví chýba v tomto smere odborná literatúra, overené technológie a v neposlednom rade širší trh s ponukou realizácií sanačných prác pre odvodňovacie systémy.

Príspevok

Zosilnenie nosníka Vloššák voľnými lanami Monostrand

Kožlej, Ľ.

Betonárske dni 2022, Zborník príspevkov, str. 259 - 264
Abstract
Mostný objekt M5850.01 je 8-poľový cestný most z predpätých prefabrikátov typu Vloššák. Na moste je vedená cesta II/547. V čase príprav projektovej jednostupňovej dokumentácie
na rekonštrukciu mosta v stupni dokumentácia na stavebné povolenie v podrobnostiach dokumentácie na realizáciu stavby (DSPRS) došlo k náhlemu zhoršeniu stavebnotechnického stavu krajného nosníka v poli č. 5, ktoré premosťuje železničnú trať Košice -Žilina. Príspevok sa zameriava na technické riešenie zosilnenia nosníka typu Vloššák voľnými lanami Monostrand.

Conference paper

Design a bridge object using an Iterative method (Method of gradual approximation)

Tóth, V., Kožlej, Ľ., Ortuta, J.

20th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Sydney
Abstract
Bridge structures (in civil engineering) are among the most frequent building structures that are designed in Slovakia.This is due to the geomorphological structure of the territory and its segmentation, when it is necessary to bridge the valleys,waterlogged areas, existing watercourses, other infrastructure and landslides, which affect up to 5.25 % of our country. There are alarge number of bridges for which the above description complies. However, for each bridge structure it is necessary to approach thestructural design and structural design separately, as there are no one or two conventional design procedures in this case. The mostsuitable way of designing the foundation of a bridge structure from the point of view of building foundation design is an Iterative method or a Method of gradual approximation with static assessment of the substructure and bearing structure of the bridge. In thispaper, we will deal with the foundation of a bridge object in a landslide using an Iterative method (Method of gradual approximation).The proposal therefore consists in reusing a certain function f(x) so that in the next step (iteration in the narrower sense) the result ofthe previous step is used as the argument of the function, i. e. f2(x) = f(x(x)). The result of the second iteration is used in the third,etc. The function is applied until the specified number of iterations is reached (this can be a positive integer or ∞). The results of the static calculation were also verified by static load tests on site.

Article

Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR), nástroj na riadenie rizík

Ortuta, J., Tóth, V.

Inžinierske stavby 04/2022
Abstract
Dlhé roky boli geotechnické údaje zhromaždené počas projektovej fázy sprístupňované zhotoviteľom, ale zmluvné dokumenty zvyčajne odmietali akúkoľvek zodpovednosť za riziko interpretácie údajov. Zhotovitelia (uchádzači o zákazku) zväčša nemajú čas ani na zaručenú návratnosť investícií na uskutočnenie nákladného doplnkového prieskumu, preto sú nútení spoliehať sa na svoje vlastné interpretácie dostupných údajov.

Article

Tunel Višňové - vývoj riešenia v čase výstavby

Ortuta, J., Paločko, P.

Inžinierske stavby 05/2022
Abstract
During past years several changes tunnel Višňové design were made. First design was preformed during building permit. Subsequently construction begun by the first contractor. He performed changes in ventilation system and tunnel cross section and begun construction works. After contact termination with the first contractor construction was divided into two parts – building part and technology part. Building part is now performed in advance with new boundary conditions. This results into some technology design challenges. Article describes the current state of tunnel design and construction and description of changes performed by new contractor.

Article

Rekonštrukcie malých mostov v rámci zlepšovania stavu ciest v SR

Číž, M.

Inžinierske stavby, 2023/02
Abstract
Roads of all categories and classes include thousands of different types of bridges. The most frequent category according to statistics are short span bridges. They are single span bridges with spans up to 10 m. More attention is paid to the larger objects, because in the most cases their design is more complex. The traffic density is growing during the last years and also the short span bridges must carry the increased traffic as well as the larger ones. Many of the structures are aged and were not originally designed for the amount of traffic and high service loads. The functionality and condition of the bridge is closely related to the functioning of the relevant road. Company Amberg Engineering Slovakia, s.r.o. deals with several projects including short span bridges which need the reconstruction or they need to be replaced with the new ones. The main aim of this article is to describe the design of two existing short span bridges within their reconstructions. 

Article

Application of Radar Measurement for Energy Efficient Blast Calculation by the tunneling

Ortuta, J., Bakoš, M., Greif, V.

Expanding Underground - Knowledge and Passion to Make a Positive Impact on the World - d – Anagnostou, Benardos & Marinos (Eds), 1656-1663, 2023
Abstract
Reflectivity is the amount of transmitted power returned to the radar receiver. The reflectivity is proportional to the number and the size of the stones in a volume unit. This means that stone size is linearly with radar reflectivity. This paper discusses the application of Doppler radar as the possibility of fragmentation material measurements during the blasting and the direct possibility of its further use in building other construction such as road embankments where grain size plays a decisive role. With this refinement, it is possible to omit additional crushing of the material, which is associated with financial costs. Effective use of residual material, as well as
mitigation of environmental impact by associated technologies, would be achieved.

Article

Practical aspects of tunnel drainage system design and implementation

Koritárová, B., Vargová, Z., Ortuta, J., Boltvan, J.

Proceedings of the 15th International Conference “Underground Construction Prague 2023”
Abstract
During the construction, as well as during the actual use of tunnel structures, we often encounter the problem of water, which is one of the elements from which we need to protect the work. If water becomes a permanent obstacle to the operation and maintenance of the tunnel, a problem arises. Therefore, considerable attention must be paid to the design of the protection of the work against water and the subsequent design of the drainage with the entire drainage system. No mistakes are allowed as this can result in a disastrous impact. As a first point, it should be noted that the reality
of construction and the proposed design are two different things. Increased attention should be paid to follow-ups, which, according to experience, can appear on the surface when there are only a limited number of solutions and modifications. Particularly problematic are discrepancies between the design
and the actual situation on construction site, which are mainly related to deviations during construction; contractor requirements to implement or optimise related objects; situations that were not taken into account in the design, such as increased inflows from geological faults that were not picked up by the survey; and, last but not least, changes to the pavement layers for the sake of a more
economical design, without coordination with the other related parts. The article will be addressed the issue of the connection of the drainage system to the drainage manholes, together with all that has to be taken into account in order to make the design the least problematic to implement and thus minimise the possible rehabilitation works, which are associated with financial costs and many times improvisational solutions.

Article

Drainage tunnel in the Višňové tunnel

Boltvan, J., Štefko, V., Paločko, P.

Proceedings of the 15th International Conference “Underground Construction Prague 2023”
Abstract
The present review with the technical solutions of the drainage tunnel in the Višňové tunnel. The Višňové tunnel is a part of the planned D1 Višňové - Dubná Skala motorway, which is a part of the west-eastern transport link between Bratislava - Trnava - Trenčín - Žilina - Martin - Poprad - Prešov - Košice - Michalovce - Sobrance - the state border of Slovakia/UA. The motorway is to provide a
connection between the D1 motorway sections Lietavská Lúčka - Višňové and Dubná Skala - Turany. The orientation of the tunnel route according to the world direction is in the west-east axis.
The Višňové tunnel is located on the territory of the Malá Fatra Mountains. Malá Fatra is a 55 km longmountain range in the north-western part of Slovakia, situated in the southeast from Žilina in the line of the main arc of the Western Carpathians. The main ridge is situated from south-west to north-east. The centre of the mountain is parted by the Váh River. At this place the river has formed a 12 km long narrow valley known as the Strečnianska gorge. The altitude of the mountain range on the projected tunnel route is between 800 and 1 300 m above sea level.
The change of the drainage concept of the Višňové tunnel required a change of the function of the original exploration tunnel, which was to disappear with the construction of the southern tunnel pipe,to the function of a drainage tunnel. The Višňové tunnel drainage tunnel is located between the northern and southern tunnel tubes along the complete length of the tunnel. It serves to transfer the water from the drainage of the tunnel tubes to the portal area of the Višňové tunnel. The drainage tunnel has four sections, depending on the mining method used and the period when the section was mined: the newly constructed part of the drainage tunnel from the western portal, mining method NRTM, the length of the section is 292.03 m, the original part of the exploration tunnel, mining method NRTM, the length of the section is 2799.78 m, the original part of the exploration tunnel, mining method TBM, the length of the section is 3800.22 m, and the newly constructed part of the drainage tunnel from the eastern portal, mining method NRTM, the length of the section is 554.72 m. The total length of the tunnel is 7,446.75m.

Article

Influence of anthropogenic seismicity on the tunnel lining design

Ortuta, J., Greif, V., Bakoš, M.

Proceedings of the 15th International Conference “Underground Construction Prague 2023”
Abstract
In terms of seismic loading, the designer usually introduces an earthquake as the main input to the calculation, but seismic loads have several parts. Natural seismicity, an earthquake, is only one factor that needs to be considered in the proposal, but many times anthropogenic seismicity is forgotten. Anthropogenic seismicity refers to typically minor earthquakes and tremors that are caused by human activity that alters the stresses and strains on the Earth's crust. The seismic hazard from anthropogenic seismicity can be assessed using similar techniques as natural seismicity, although accounting for non-stationary seismicity. It appears that earthquake shaking from induced earthquakes is similar to that observed in natural tectonic earthquakes, although differences in the depth of the rupture need to be taken into account. Anthropogenic seismicity consists of induced and technical seismicity. It is these two components that can greatly influence the overall calculation and design of the tunnel lining, where the direct effect of natural seismicity is minimal. The article deals with the influence of anthropogenic seismicity on the tunnel lining, which neglect has a large economic impact since additional treatment is itself more expensive than preventative measures developed already during the design phase.

Article

Design of Višňové tunnel portals

Paločko, P., Štefko, V.

Proceedings of the 15th International Conference “Underground Construction Prague 2023”
Abstract
Tunnel portals represent a distinctive architectural and landscape element and in their relationship with the public they essentially identify a particular tunnel. In their design, designers are constrained by the topography of the terrain, the intervening sections of highway, ventilation, land take, and last but not least, the economics of the design. The design of the Višňové tunnel portals has undergone several changes. The original design of the DSP from 2008 considered that the western portal and the same for the eastern portal would consist of a portal building and backfill. Since the portal buildings were structurally connected to the tunnel tubes, they were the main architectural element addressing the portal. In 2013, construction of the tunnel commenced under the terms of the FIDIC Yellow Book. This brought about the reduction of the portal buildings, which no longer form a dominant feature - particularly on the western portal. This solution was mainly due to the modification of the ventilation system. After the new contractor took over the construction and on the basis of the new contract, the solution was significantly modified. Due to an instruction from the investor, the location of the technology centres between the tunnel tubes was cancelled. This also led to a significant shortening of the tunnels. These are made up of only one block of 8 m in length. The backfilling of the tunnel has also not been implemented. This allowed permanent access to the slope anchors and lightened the weight of the tunnel structure. The architecture of the portals is completed by the cladding of blocks or gabion mattresses and the outlet of the drainage gallery between the tunnel tubes.

Článok

Skúsenosti s navrhovaním sanácií pod vozovky

Dubravský, M.

Inžinierske stavby, str. 26-28, 2023/03
Abstract
Nielen v cestnom staviteľstve, ale v stavebníctve vo všeobecnosti rozhoduje podložie o celkovej cene diela. Únosnosť podložia, ktorá závisí od geologického zloženia základovej škáry, je rozhodujúcim faktorom ovplyvňujúcim návrh sanácie pod stavebné konštrukcie. Spoločnosť Amberg navrhuje nielen cestnú infraštruktúru, ale aj bytové komplexy, nemocnice a letiskové plochy, pri
ktorých je zakladanie veľmi podstatné a okrem ceny má zásadný vplyv aj na celkovú životnosť. V tomto článku sa zameriavame na niekoľko zrealizovaných úsekov rekonštrukcie cestnej infraštruktúry v extraviláne a intraviláne miest a obcí na Slovensku. Chceme upozorniť na nástrahy, ktoré striehnu na projektanta už pri samotnom návrhu projektu a na zhotoviteľa diela pri realizácii stavby.

Article

THE OPTIMIZATION OF RETAINING WALLS ON THE D1 MOTORWAY IN THE SECTION LIETAVSKÁ LÚČKA - VIŠŇOVÉ

Boltvan, J.

14. Slovenská geotechnická konferencia 2023, Vysoké Tatry, 15. – 16. 6. 2023
Abstract
The report presents the optimization of the design of retaining and walls on the D1 motorway in the section Lietavská Lúčka - Višňové. The paper describes modifications on 4 wall objects, which represent 6 separate structures.

Article

Drainage of the Višňové tunnel - permanent engineering challenge

Paločko, P.

Inžinierske stavby 03/2023
Abstract
The Višňové tunnel, with a length of 7.5 km in the Malá Fatra Mountains and part of the D1 motorway, is distinguished by difficult geological and hydrogeological conditions. These conditions, characterised by high groundwater inflows and the risk of landslides, required a complex drainage system. This system includes a detention and retention tank, pre-drainage boreholes, drainage pipes, a drainage gallery and drainage bypasses. Due to deficiencies some rehabilitation of drainage system was required, which included the rehabilitation of the drainage shafts and the creation of new bypasses. The safety and serviceability of the tunnel are directly dependent on effective and maintained drainage, which must be constantly monitored.

Article

INFLUENCE OF THE METHOD OF CALCULATION ON THE DESIGN NFLUENCE OF THE METHOD OF CALCULATION ON THE DESIGN OF THE SECONDARY LINING

Ortuta, J., Boltvan, J., Štefko, V.

The Tunel magazine, p. 26 - 36, 03/2023
Abstract
Tunnels belong among the most complex geotechnical structures not only in the mountainous terrain of the countryside. It is not only about the complexity of the construction itself, but also about the complexity of the design preparation of such a construction. The fi rst design problems appear at the very beginning of the preparation in connection with the engineering-geological survey and the description of the environment in which the tunnel structure will be implemented. Another problem is the static calculation itself, which includes the values determined on the basis of the survey, which must be unifi ed in a certain way for the sake of idealisation. Currently, the static calculation is usually carried out using the Finite Element Method, in which it is possible to simulate the tunnel excavation process, as well as the tunnel construction itself. The paper deals with the infl uence of various calculation procedures on the dimensioning of the secondary lining and the infl uence of these procedures on the result, which mainly infl uences the economic aspects related to the optimisation of the design

Article

DRAINAGE GALLERY OF THE VIŠŇOVÉ TUNNEL

Boltvan, J., Paločko, P., Štefko, V.

The Tunel magazine, p. 37 - 47, 03/2023
Abstract
The paper deals with the construction and function of the Višňové tunnel, which serves as the main collector of the tunnel drainage system. It describes the history and geotechnical conditions of the tunnel, which was originally designed as an exploratory gallery and was later rebuilt as a drainage gallery. It also deals with the technical design of the gallery, the cross-section dimensions of which are 1.8 × 2.2m and the length amounts to 7446.75m. The paper presents specifi c structural elements that were used in the construction of the gallery, such as service entrances to cross passages, closing of transverse galleries and excavation stubs, intersections with cross passages and drainage boreholes. In the conclusion, it is stated that the use of the original exploratory gallery as a permanent object brought benefi ts for the durability of the roadway in the tunnel, as it was not necessary to build a central collector of the drainage system. Ultimately, this is a positive benefit for transport in the area of Žilina.

Article

RISKS OF TENDER DOCUMENTATION OF THE TUNNEL ASSOCIATED ISKS OF TENDER DOCUMENTATION OF THE TUNNEL ASSOCIATED WITH INTERPRETATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Paločko, P., Ortuta, J., Boltvan, J.

The Tunel magazine, p. 48 - 56, 03/2023
Abstract
The paper deals with risks associated with the entry into ground environment of the Okruhliak tunnel in Slovakia. The authors analyse the results of the engineering geological survey, which revealed the presence of swelling ground types, such as claystone and siltstone on the tunnel route. They further describe the design of the static model of the tunnel, excavation classes and pilot boreholes for the identifi cation of areas with swelling ground types. The authors further point out the importance FIDIC terms and conditions, quality management, construction supervision and insurance in cases of minimising disputes and risks associated with the project. In the conclusion, they dedicate themselves to understanding of engineering geological characteristics and strategies of management of risks, which are crucial for successful construction of the tunnel.